What is a Freiberufler in Germany: A Step-by-Step Guide for Foreigners

Freelancing in Germany, known as Freiberuflichkeit, is an attractive option for self-employment. However, to work successfully, it’s essential to understand the key differences between a Freiberufler (freelancer) and a Gewerbetreibender (business owner), as well as to be aware of the tax and legal requirements.

Key Differences: Freiberufler vs. Gewerbetreibender

The definition of a Freiberufler is based on § 18 Einkommensteuergesetz (EStG) – the German Income Tax Act. This status is intended for activities that require special knowledge and qualifications. Freiberufler are exempt from paying Gewerbesteuer (trade tax) and are not required to register a business with the Gewerbeamt (Trade Office).

Who Can Become a Freiberufler in Germany?

Foreign nationals who are legally residing in Germany can obtain the Freiberufler status.

• Visa and Residence Permit: Non-EU citizens need a special permit to engage in self-employment. This permit can be granted with a visa or residence permit, for example, under § 21 Aufenthaltsgesetz (AufenthG). For Ukrainians with a visa under § 24 AufenthG, the right to self-employment is generally granted, but it’s important to contact the local Ausländerbehörde (Foreigners’ Office) for confirmation.
• Initial Capital: Unlike registering a GmbH, no minimum capital of €25,000 is required to register as a Freiberufler.

What Professions Can Be Freiberufler?

This is a tax status for those who provide intellectual, creative, or scientific services.

• Creative and Media: Journalists, bloggers, writers, photographers (if the work is creative), translators, artists.
• Technical: Programmers, web designers, engineers (if the work is consultative).
• Teachers: Teachers, tutors, and trainers. Their work is considered “educational” and is based on intellectual services.

Teachers and tutors (especially for languages) most often register as Freiberufler in Germany. Their activity is a typical example of a “liberal profession.”

Gewerbetreibender and Regulated Professions

Gewerbetreibender: These are professions related to production, trade, or the provision of services that are not considered “liberal professions.” For example, online shop owners, manicurists, and restaurants must operate as a Gewerbetreibender (business owner) in Germany.

Regulated Professions: These are professions that require official recognition of your qualifications or a special license. The state regulates these professions to guarantee high standards of quality and safety. They include doctors, lawyers, architects, and tax consultants. For foreigners, this means a diploma obtained in another country must be officially recognized in Germany.

How to File Documents for Freelancing?

1. Register with the Tax Office (Finanzamt): Fill out the online form Fragebogen zur steuerlichen Erfassung on the ELSTER portal. This is the only mandatory step.
2. Documents: You will need your passport, proof of address, and residence permit. No initial capital is required.
3. Choose Your Status: During registration, you can choose the Kleinunternehmerregelung (small business regulation) if your income did not exceed €22,000 in the previous year and is not expected to exceed €50,000 in the current year. This exempts you from paying VAT.
4. Tax Number (Steuernummer): After verifying your data, you will be sent a tax number. This number is your main identification as a freelancer.

Taxation of Freiberufler in Germany

• Einkommensteuer (Income Tax): Taxation depends on your net income. In 2025, the tax-free allowance (Grundfreibetrag) is €12,084. If your income is below this amount, you do not pay this tax.
• Tax Reporting: Tax returns are submitted once a year. You can do this yourself, but a Steuerberater (tax consultant) is useful, especially if your income is high or your business is complex.
• Deducting Expenses: You can deduct work-related expenses from your taxes: a laptop, software, travel, office furniture, courses. This helps reduce your tax base.
• Tax Refunds: A tax consultant can help you optimize your taxes and get a refund.

Registering as a Freiberufler in Germany isn’t just about paperwork; it’s about the opportunity to build your career on your own terms. Don’t be afraid to ask questions. Even the most successful freelancers started with questions. Use the provided resources, consult with tax advisors (Steuerberater), and network with other freelancers. Your journey to self-employment in Germany begins here. Good luck!